Port security has been dramatically strengthened since 9/11.

    Funding has increased by more than 700 percent since Sept. 11, 2001. Funding for port security was approximately $259 million in FY 2001. DHS spent approximately $1.6 billion on port security in FY 2005.

    Following 9/11, the federal government has implemented a multi-layered defense strategy to keep ports safe and secure. New technologies have been deployed with additional technologies being developed and $630 million has been provided in grants to the largest ports including $16.2 million to Baltimore; $32.7 million to Miami; $27.4 million to New Orleans, $43.7 million to New York/New Jersey; and $15.8 million to Philadelphia.

Who secures the ports

    U.S. Customs and Border Protection: CBP’s mission is to prevent terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the United States by eliminating potential threats before they arrive at the borders and ports.

    CBP uses intelligence and a risk-based strategy to screen information on 100 percent of cargo before it is loaded onto vessels destined for the United States. All cargo that is identified as high risk is inspected, either at the foreign port or upon arrival into the United States.

    Coast Guard: The Coast Guard routinely inspects and assesses the security of U.S. ports in accordance with the Maritime Transportation and Security Act and the Ports and Waterways Security Act. Every regulated U.S. port facility is required to establish and implement a comprehensive security plan that outlines procedures for controlling access to the facility, verifying credentials of port workers, inspecting cargo for tampering, designating security responsibilities, training, and reporting of all breaches of security or suspicious activity, among other security measures. Working closely with local port authorities and law enforcement agencies, the Coast Guard regularly reviews, approves, assesses and inspects these plans and facilities to ensure compliance.

    Terminal Operator: Whether a person or a corporation, the terminal operator is responsible for operating its particular terminal within the port. The terminal operator is responsible for the area within the port that serves as a loading, unloading, or transfer point for the cargo. This includes storage and repair facilities and management offices. The cranes they use may be their own, or they may lease them from the port authority.

    Port Authority: An entity of a local, state or national government that owns, manages and maintains the physical infrastructure of a port (seaport, airport or bus terminal) to include wharf, docks, piers, transit sheds, loading equipment and warehouses. Ports often provide additional security for their facilities.

    The role of the Port Authority is to facilitate and expand the movement of cargo through the port, provide facilities and services that are competitive, safe and commercially viable. The port manages marine navigation and safety issues within port boundaries and develops marine-related businesses on the lands that it owns or manages.

A layered defense

    Screening and Inspection: CBP screens 100 percent of all cargo before it arrives in the U.S using intelligence and cutting edge technologies. CBP inspects all high-risk cargo.

    CSI (Container Security Initiative): Enables CBP, in working with host government Customs Services, to examine high-risk maritime containerized cargo at foreign seaports, before they are loaded on board vessels destined for the United States. In addition to the current 43 foreign ports participating in CSI, many more ports are in the planning stages. By the end of 2006, the number is expected to grow to 50 ports covering 82 percent of maritime containerized cargo shipped to the U.S.

    24-Hour Rule: Under this requirement, manifest information must be provided 24 hours prior to the sea container being loaded onto the vessel in the foreign port. CBP may deny the loading of high-risk cargo while the vessel is still overseas.

    C-TPAT (Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism): CBP created a public-private and international partnership with nearly 5,800 businesses (more than 10,000 have applied) including most of the largest U.S. importers — the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT). C-TPAT, CBP and partner companies are working together to improve baseline security standards for supply chain and container security.

     Cutting-Edge Technology: CBP is currently utilizing large-scale X-ray and gamma ray machines and radiation detection devices to screen cargo. Presently, CBP operates more than 680 radiation portal monitors at our nation’s ports (including 190 radiation portal monitors at seaports), utilizes more than 170 large scale non-intrusive inspection devices to examine cargo, and has issued 12,400 hand-held radiation detection devices. More than 600 canine detection teams, capable of identifying narcotics, bulk currency, human beings, explosives, agricultural pests, and chemical weapons, are deployed at the ports of entry.

Container Security Initiative

    The Container Security Initiative consists of four core elements. These are: (1) establishing security criteria to identify high-risk containers; (2) pre-screening those containers identified as high-risk before they arrive at U.S. ports; (3) using technology to quickly pre-screen high-risk containers; and (4) developing and using smart and secure containers.

    In order to be eligible to participate in CSI, the member state’s Customs Administration and the seaport must meet the following three requirements:

    •The Customs Administration must be able to inspect cargo originating, transiting, exiting, or being transshipped through a country.

    •Non-intrusive inspectional (NII) equipment (including gamma or X-ray imaging capabilities) and radiation detection equipment must be available and utilized for conducting such inspections. This equipment is necessary in order to meet the objective of quickly screening containers without disrupting the flow of legitimate trade.

    •The seaport must have regular, direct, and substantial container traffic to ports in the United States.

    As part of agreeing to participate in CSI, a member state’s Customs Administration and the seaport must also:

    •Commit to establishing a risk management system to identify potentially high-risk containers, and automating that system. This system should include a mechanism for validating threat assessments and targeting decisions and identifying best practices.

    •Commit to sharing critical data, intelligence, and risk management information with the U.S. Customs and Border Protection in order to do collaborative targeting, and developing an automated mechanism for these exchanges.

    •Conduct a thorough port assessment to ascertain vulnerable links in a port’s infrastructure and commit to resolving those vulnerabilities.

    •Commit to maintaining integrity programs to prevent lapses in employee integrity and to identify and combat breaches in integrity.